JAVA

abstract class in java

Sometimes we may come across a situation where we cannot provide 
implementation to all the methods in a class. We want to leave the 
implementation to a class that extends it. In such case we declare a class
as abstract.To make a class abstract we use key word abstract. 
Any class that contains one or more abstract methods is declared as abstract. 
If we don’t declare class as abstract which contains abstract methods we get 
compile time error.
  
  1)Abstract classes cannot be instantiated
  2)An abstarct classes contains abstract method, concrete methods or both.
  3)Any class which extends abstarct class must override all methods of abstract
    class
  4)An abstarct class can contain either 0 or more abstract method.    

abstract class in java

/*Abstract class:
A class which is declared as abstract is known as an abstract class. 
It can have abstract and non-abstract methods. It needs to be extended 
and its method implemented. It cannot be instantiated.

*/

// Example of abstract class
abstract class A{}  
// Example of Abstract class that has an abstract method
abstract class Bike{  
  abstract void run();  
}  
class Honda4 extends Bike{  
void run(){System.out.println("running safely");}  
public static void main(String args[]){  
 Bike obj = new Honda4();  
 obj.run();  
}  
}  

is it necessary for abstract class to have abstract method

No, abstract class can have zero abstract methods.

abstract classes,

Uses of Abstract Classes:-
Java Abstract class can implement interfaces without even providing
the implementation of interface methods. Java Abstract class is used to provide
common method implementation to all the subclasses or to provide default
implementation. We can run abstract class in java like any other class if it
has main() method.

abstract class

Uses of Abstract Classes

Java Abstract class can implement interfaces without even providing the implementation of interface methods. Java Abstract class is used to provide common method implementation to all the subclasses or to provide default implementation. We can run abstract class in java like any other class if it has main() method.

abstract class in java

Sometimes we may come across a situation
where we cannot provide implementation to
all the methods in a class. We want to leave the 
implementation to a class that extends it.
  In that case we declare a class
as abstract by using abstract keyword on method
signature.In my framework I have created my
PageBase class as super
class of the all page classes. 
I have collected all common elements
and functions into PageBase class and
all other page classes extent PageBase class.
By doing so, I don't have to locate very
common WebElements and it provides
reusability in my framework.
Also
1)Abstract classes cannot be instantiated
2)An abstarct classes contains abstract method,
concrete methods or both.
3)Any class which extends abstarct class must
  override all methods of abstract class
4)An abstarct class can contain either
  0 or more abstract method.   

how to use an abstract class in java

interface methods{
    public void hey();
    public void bye();
}

//unable to implement all the abstract methods in the interface so 
// the other class automatically becomes abstract
abstract class other implements methods{
    public void hey(){
        System.out.println("Hey");
    }
}

//able to implement all the methods so is not abstract
class scratch implements methods {
    public void hey(){
        System.out.println("Hey");
    }
    public void bye() {
        System.out.println("Hey");
    }
}

is it necessary for abstract class to have abstract method

Abstract classes CAN have non-abstract methods. 

abstract class

Abstract class is used in defining a common super
class while writing Page Object Model layer of the
framework. We usually create an abstract class named
BasePage to have all common members for every page written
in this class example getPageTitle().
Then each Page class (HomePage, LoginPage, DashboardPage
etc.) inherit from BasePage.
Sometimes one may need to change the behavior of methods
implemented in superclass. So, subclass has freedom to
override that method where we use polymorphism.
This is how we use Abstract class in real projects.

.In my framework I have created my
BasePage class as super
class of the all page classes. 
I have collected all common elements
and functions into PageBase class and
all other page classes extent PageBase class.
By doing so, I don't have to locate very
common WebElements and it provides
reusability in my framework.
Also
1)Abstract classes cannot be instantiated
2)Abstract class meant to be inherited 
	so can not be final,static and private
2)An abstarct classes contains abstract method,
concrete methods or both.
3)Any class which extends abstarct class must
  override all methods of abstract class
4)An abstarct class can contain either
  0 or more abstract method.

what is abstract class

An abstract class is a common class that has attributes and methods.
and it has at least one abstract method, it can also contain normal methods.
This class cannot be instantiated, it can only be inherited,
that is, it cannot be used to create an object.

Una clase abstracta es una clase común que posee atributos y métodos,
y tiene como mínimo un método abstracto, además puede contener métodos normales.
Esta clase no puede ser instanciada, solo puede heredarse,
o sea no se puede usar para crear un objeto.

what are abstract classes in java

Sometimes we may come across a situation
where we cannot provide implementation to
all the methods in a class. We want to leave the 
implementation to a class that extends it.
  In that case we declare a class
as abstract by using abstract keyword on method
signature.In my framework I have created my
PageBase class as super
class of the all page classes. 
I have collected all common elements
and functions into PageBase class and
all other page classes extent PageBase class.
By doing so, I don't have to locate very
common WebElements and it provides
reusability in my framework.

i)List<String> webs=driver.getWindowHandles();
=>create a list first to store web URLs in list

ii)findElements evaluates multiple elements so therefore will assigned to List <WebElement>

iii)To handle dynamic elements store it in the list and identify by index:
List<WebElement> all=driver.findElements(By.tagname(“”)); (or other locators).
Also
1)Abstract classes cannot be instantiated
2)An abstarct classes contains abstract method,
concrete methods or both.
3)Any class which extends abstarct class must
  override all methods of abstract class
4)An abstarct class can contain either
  0 or more abstract method.  

what is abstract class with example

<?php
abstract class Cars
{
    abstract function car_details();
}
class Maruti extends Cars
{
    function car_details()
    {
        echo "Maruti Details";
    }
}
class Honda extends Cars
{
    function car_details()
    {
        echo "<br>Honda Details<br>";
    }
}

class Scoda extends Cars
{
    function car_details()
    {
        echo "<br>Scoda Details<br>";
    }
}

$obj = new Maruti();
$obj -> car_details();

$obj1 = new Honda();
$obj1 -> car_details();

$obj2 = new Scoda();
$obj2 -> car_details();
?>

Java Abstract Class

// create an abstract class
abstract class Language {
  // fields and methods
}
...

// try to create an object Language
// throws an error
Language obj = new Language();