PASCAL

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type
days, age = integer;
yes, true = boolean;
name, city = string;
fees, expenses = real;

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function name(argument(s): type1; argument(s): type2; ...): function_type;

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var
  a: array[1..100] of integer;

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Function Func_Name(params...) : Return_Value;
Procedure Proc_Name(params...);

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type 
Books = record
   title: packed array [1..50] of char;
   author: packed array [1..50] of char;
   subject: packed array [1..100] of char;
   book_id: integer;
end;

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Sr.No	Control Statement & Description
1	break statement
Terminates the loop or case statement and transfers execution to the statement immediately following the loop or case statement.

2	continue statement
Causes the loop to skip the remainder of its body and immediately retest its condition prior to reiterating.

3	goto statement
Transfers control to the labeled statement. Though it is not advised to use goto statement in your program.

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procedure increment(var x: integer; by: integer);

  begin
    x := x + by;
  end;
…
var
  n: integer = 4;
begin
  increment(n, 2);   // now n is 6

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function add(x: integer; y: integer): integer;
  begin
    add := x + y;
  end;

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var
  a: array[1..100] of integer;
  sum: integer = 0;
…
for v in a do
  sum := sum + v;

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type
   ch_array = array[char] of 1..26;
var
   alphabet: ch_array;
   c: char;

begin
   ...
   for c:= 'A' to 'Z' do
   alphabet[c] := ord[m];  
   (* the ord() function returns the ordinal values *)

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var
choice: boolean;

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procedure findMin(x, y, z: integer; var m: integer);

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procedure name(argument(s): type1, argument(s): type 2, ... );

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procedure yell(s: string, n: integer);
  var
    i: integer;
  begin
    for i := 1 to n do
      writeln(s);
  end;

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const
identifier = constant_value;

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VELOCITY_LIGHT = 3.0E=10;
PIE = 3.141592;
NAME = 'Stuart Little';
CHOICE = yes;
OPERATOR = '+';

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readln (a, b, c);
s := (a + b + c)/2.0;
area := sqrt(s * (s - a)*(s-b)*(s-c));
writeln(area);        

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(* This is a multi-line comments
   and it will span multiple lines. *)

{ This is a single line comment in pascal }

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repeat statement(s) until condition;

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with variable do begin statement(s) end;
with variable do statement;

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while condition do begin statement(s) end;
while condition do statement;

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if condition then begin statement(s) end;
if condition then statement;

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age: integer = 15;
taxrate: real = 0.5;
grade: char = 'A';
name: string = 'John Smith';

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program exPointers;
var
   number: integer;
   iptr: ^integer;
   y: ^word;

begin
   iptr := nil;
   y := addr(iptr);
   
   writeln('the vaule of iptr is ', y^);
end.

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var
   p1, p2, ... : ptr-identifier;

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Number is: 100
iptr points to a value: 100
Number is: 200
iptr points to a value: 200
45504

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Book 1 title : C Programming
Book 1 author : Nuha Ali
Book 1 subject : C Programming Tutorial
Book 1 book_id : 6495407

Book 2 title : Telecom Billing
Book 2 author : Zara Ali
Book 2 subject : Telecom Billing Tutorial
Book 2 book_id : 6495700

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type
record-name = record
   field-1: field-type1;
   field-2: field-type2;
   ...
   field-n: field-typen;
end;

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var
   r1, r2, ... : record-name;

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var
Books : record
   title: packed array [1..50] of char;
   author: packed array [1..50] of char;
   subject: packed array [1..100] of char;
   book_id: integer;
end;

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type
record-ptr = ^ record-name;
record-name = record
   field-1: field-type1;
   field-2: field-type2;
   ...
   field-n: field-typen;
end;

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type
   ptr-identifier = ^base-variable-type;

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type
   color = ( red, black, blue, silver, beige);
   car_color = array of [color] of boolean;
var
   car_body: car_color;

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Sr.No	Concept & Description
1	Multi-dimensional arrays
Pascal supports multidimensional arrays. The simplest form of the multidimensional array is the two-dimensional array.

2	Dynamic array
In this type of arrays, the initial length is zero. The actual length of the array must be set with the standard SetLength function.

3	Packed array
These arrays are bit-packed, i.e., each character or truth values are stored in consecutive bytes instead of using one storage unit, usually a word (4 bytes or more).

4	Passing arrays to subprograms
You can pass to a subprogram a pointer to an array by specifying the array's name without an index.

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Element[1] = 101
Element[2] = 102
Element[3] = 103
Element[4] = 104
Element[5] = 105
Element[6] = 106
Element[7] = 107
Element[8] = 108
Element[9] = 109
Element[10] = 110

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a: integer;
a: = alphabet['A'];

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type
   ch_array = array[char] of 1..26;
var
   alphabet: ch_array;

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type
   temperature = array [-10 .. 50] of real;
var
   day_temp, night_temp: temperature;

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type
   vector = array [ 0..24] of real;
var
   velocity: vector;

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type
   vector = array [ 1..25] of real;
var
   velocity: vector;

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type
   array-identifier = array[index-type] of element-type;

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   (* book 1 specification *)
   Book1.title  := 'C Programming';
   Book1.author := 'Nuha Ali '; 
   Book1.subject := 'C Programming Tutorial';
   Book1.book_id := 6495407;

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(* book 1 specification *)
With Book1 do
begin
   title  := 'C Programming';
   author := 'Nuha Ali '; 
   subject := 'C Programming Tutorial';
   book_id := 6495407;
end;

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not
and
or

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var
   v: variant;

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+

identity

-

negation

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function sum(const a: array of integer): integer;

var
  s: integer = 0;
  v: integer;
begin
  for v in a do
    s := s + v;
  sum := v;
end;

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// Return the first and last character of a string
function firstAndList(s: string; out first: char; out last: char);
begin
  first := s[1];
  last := s[length(s)];
end;

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var
  a: integer = 4;

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var
  x: integer;
  r: real;

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const
  Seconds = 60;

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type
  int = integer;
  array3 = array[1..3] of integer;

var
  i: int;
  a: array3;

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repeat
  writeln(x);
  x := x * 2;
until x > 100;

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while i > 0 do
  begin
    writeln(i);
    i := i div 2;
  end;

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for i := 1 to n do
  begin
    writeln(i);
    writeln(i * 2);
  end;

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Within the program exlocal
value of a = 100 b = 200 c = 300
Within the procedure display
Displaying the global variables a, b, and c
value of a = 30 b = 40 c = 70
Displaying the local variables x, y, and z
value of x = 10 y = 20 z = 30

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var
  b: array[0..49] of boolean;

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  writeln(p^);  // writes 7
  p^ := 8;
  writeln(i);   // writes 8

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var
  p: ^integer;   // a pointer to an integer

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var
  s: shape;

begin
  s.kind := rectangle;
  s.length := 5.0;
  s.height := 3.0;
  ...

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type
  shapeType = (square, rectangle, circle);

  shape = record
    centerX, centerY: real;

    case kind: shapeType of
      square: (side: real);
      rectangle: (length, height: real);
      circle: (radius: real);
    end;

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i := integer(d);
writeln(i);
d := day(i);

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var
  a: array[1..100][1..20] of integer;
  b: array[1..100, 1..20] of integer;

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a[44] := 33;

a[44] := a[44] + 1;

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setLength(a, 100);

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var
  a: array[1..3] of string = ('down', 'the', 'road');

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var
boolean-identifier: boolean;

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Operators	Operations
not	Bitwise NOT
and	Bitwise AND
or	Bitwise OR
xor	Bitwise exclusive OR
shl	Bitwise shift left
shr	Bitwise shift right
<<	Bitwise shift left
>>	Bitwise shift right

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program exLocal; 
var
   a, b, c: integer;

begin
   (* actual initialization *)
   a := 10;
   b := 20;
   c := a + b;
   
   writeln('value of a = ', a , ' b =  ',  b, ' and c = ', c);
end.

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var
age: 18 ... 100;

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var
variable_name : type = value;

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variable_name := value;

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var
weekdays, holidays : days;
choice: yes;
student_name, emp_name : name;
capital: city;
cost: expenses;

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var
age, weekdays : integer;
taxrate, net_income: real;
choice, isready: boolean;
initials, grade: char;
name, surname : string;

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var
variable_list : type;

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type
months = (Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec);
Summer = Apr ... Aug;
Winter = Oct ... Dec;

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const
P = 18;
Q = 90;
type
Number = 1 ... 100;
Value = P ... Q;

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type
subrange-identifier = lower-limit ... upper-limit;

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type
SUMMER = (April, May, June, July, September);
COLORS = (Red, Green, Blue, Yellow, Magenta, Cyan, Black, White);
TRANSPORT = (Bus, Train, Airplane, Ship);

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var
var1, var2, ...  : enum-identifier;

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type
enum-identifier = (item1, item2, item3, ... )

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const
Identifier = contant_value;

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Integer	-2147483648	2147483647	signed 32-bit
Cardinal	0	4294967295	unsigned 32-bit
Shortint	-128	127	signed 8-bit
Smallint	-32768	32767	signed 16-bit
Longint	-2147483648	2147483647	signed 32-bit
Int64	-2^63	2^63 - 1	signed 64-bit
Byte	0	255	unsigned 8-bit
Word	0	65535	unsigned 16-bit
Longword	0	4294967295	unsigned 32-bit

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 type-identifier-1, type-identfier-2 = type-specifier;

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All upper case letters (A-Z)

All lower case letters (a-z)

All digits (0-9)

Special symbols - + * / := , . ;. () [] = {} ` white space

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var
A_Variable, B_Variable ... : Variable_Type;

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$ fpc hello.pas
Free Pascal Compiler version 2.6.0 [2011/12/23] for x86_64
Copyright (c) 1993-2011 by Florian Klaempfl and others
Target OS: Linux for x86-64
Compiling hello.pas
Linking hello
8 lines compiled, 0.1 sec

$ ./hello
Hello, World!

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Hello, World!

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program HelloWorld;
uses crt;

(* Here the main program block starts *)
begin
   writeln('Hello, World!');
   readkey;
end. 

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Please enter your first name:
John
Please enter your surname:
Smith
Welcome to the world of Pascal John Smith

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type
months = (January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December);
Var
m: months;
...
M := January;

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Sr.No	Call Type & Description
1	Call by value
This method copies the actual value of an argument into the formal parameter of the subprogram. In this case, changes made to the parameter inside the subprogram have no effect on the argument.

2	Call by reference
This method copies the address of an argument into the formal parameter. Inside the subprogram, the address is used to access the actual argument used in the call. This means that changes made to the parameter affect the argument.

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~, not,	Highest
*, /, div, mod, and, &	
|, !, +, -, or,	
=, <>, <, <=, >, >=, in	
or else, and then	Lowest

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0 1 1 2	3 5 8 13 21 34

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Enter a number:
5
Factorial 5 is: 120

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n! = n*(n-1)!
   = n*(n-1)*(n-2)!
      ...
   = n*(n-1)*(n-2)*(n-3)... 1

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Enter three numbers:
89 45 67
Minimum: 45

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procedure name(argument(s): type1, argument(s): type 2, ... );
   < local declarations >
begin
   < procedure body >
end;

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function max(num1, num2: integer): integer;

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function name(argument(s): type1; argument(s): type2; ...): function_type;
local declarations;

begin
   ...
   < statements >
   ...
   name:= expression;
end;

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Sr.No	Loop Type & Description
1	while-do loop
Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given condition is true. It tests the condition before executing the loop body.

2	for-do loop
Executes a sequence of statements multiple times and abbreviates the code that manages the loop variable.

3	repeat-until loop
Like a while statement, except that it tests the condition at the end of the loop body.

4	nested loops
You can use one or more loop inside any another while, for or repeat until loop.

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&	Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands.	(A & B) will give 12, which is 0000 1100
|	Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.	(A | B) will give 61, which is 0011 1101
!	Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand. Its same as | operator.	(A ! B) will give 61, which is 0011 1101
~	Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.	(~A ) will give -61, which is 1100 0011 in 2's complement form due to a signed binary number.
<<	Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.	A << 2 will give 240, which is 1111 0000
>>	Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.	A >> 2 will give 15, which is 0000 1111

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program exEnumeration;
type
beverage = (coffee, tea, milk, water, coke, limejuice);

var
drink:beverage;

begin
   writeln('Which drink do you want?');
   drink := limejuice;
   
   writeln('You can drink ', drink);
end.

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and	Called Boolean AND operator. If both the operands are true, then condition becomes true.	(A and B) is false.
and then	It is similar to the AND operator, however, it guarantees the order in which the compiler evaluates the logical expression. Left to right and the right operands are evaluated only when necessary.	(A and then B) is false.
or	Called Boolean OR Operator. If any of the two operands is true, then condition becomes true.	(A or B) is true.
or else	It is similar to Boolean OR, however, it guarantees the order in which the compiler evaluates the logical expression. Left to right and the right operands are evaluated only when necessary.	(A or else B) is true.
not	Called Boolean NOT Operator. Used to reverse the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make it false.	not (A and B) is true.

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=	Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if yes, then condition becomes true.	(A = B) is not true.
<>	Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not, if values are not equal, then condition becomes true.	(A <> B) is true.
>	Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of right operand, if yes, then condition becomes true.	(A > B) is not true.
<	Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right operand, if yes, then condition becomes true.	(A < B) is true.
>=	Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes, then condition becomes true.	(A >= B) is not true.
<=	Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the value of right operand, if yes, then condition becomes true.	(A <= B) is true.

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+	Adds two operands	A + B will give 30
-	Subtracts second operand from the first	A - B will give -10
*	Multiplies both operands	A * B will give 200
/	Divides numerator by denominator	B / A will give 2
%	Modulus Operator and remainder of after an integer division	B % A will give 0

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Arithmetic operators
Relational operators
Boolean operators
Bit operators
Set operators
String operators

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Enter the radius of the circle
23
The circumference of the circle is 144.51

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Enter your marks(1 - 100): 
100
Enter your grade(A - E):
A
Marks: 100 Grade: A

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var
subrange-name : lowerlim ... uperlim;

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var
marks: 1 ... 100;
grade: 'A' ... 'E';
age: 1 ... 25;

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Which drink do you want?
You can drink limejuice

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type
   rfile = file of real;
   ifile = file of integer;
   bfile = file of boolean;
   datafile = file of record
   arrfile = file of array[1..4] of integer;

var
   marks: arrfile;
   studentdata: datafile;
   rainfalldata: rfile;
   tempdata: ifile;
   choices: bfile;