PHP

wp_query post by category id

    $args=array(
    'posts_per_page' => 50, 
    'post_type' => 'my_custom_type'
    'cat' => $cat_id,
);
$wp_query = new WP_Query( $args );

wp_query post by category taxonomy

// If the taxonomy is the default category then:
$args = array( 
  'post_type'   => 'post',
  'category_name' => $category_name,
  'no_found_rows'          => true,
  'update_post_term_cache' => false,
  'update_post_meta_cache' => false,
);
$posts = new WP_Query( $args );

wp_query post id

$args = array(
	'post_type' => 'my_custom_type'
	'cat' => $cat_id,
);

$wp_query = new WP_Query( $args );

$wp_query->post->ID

wordpress query a post by id

/*
WordPress: Query a specific post by its post type & ID.
While editing the post, refer to the URL to find the Post ID Number.
e.g. http://...wp-admin/post.php?post=[Post ID Number]...

*/

// Query for a Case Study with ID #12345
<?php query_posts('post_type=case_studies&p=12345'); ?>