# How to Perform Motion Detection Using Python
# Importing the Pandas libraries
import pandas as panda
# Importing the OpenCV libraries
import cv2
# Importing the time module
import time
# Importing the datetime function of the datetime module
from datetime import datetime
# Assigning our initial state in the form of variable initialState as None for initial frames
initialState = None
# List of all the tracks when there is any detected of motion in the frames
motionTrackList= [ None, None ]
# A new list 'time' for storing the time when movement detected
motionTime = []
# Initialising DataFrame variable 'dataFrame' using pandas libraries panda with Initial and Final column
dataFrame = panda.DataFrame(columns = ["Initial", "Final"])
# starting the webCam to capture the video using cv2 module
video = cv2.VideoCapture(0)
# using infinite loop to capture the frames from the video
while True:
# Reading each image or frame from the video using read function
check, cur_frame = video.read()
# Defining 'motion' variable equal to zero as initial frame
var_motion = 0
# From colour images creating a gray frame
gray_image = cv2.cvtColor(cur_frame, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
# To find the changes creating a GaussianBlur from the gray scale image
gray_frame = cv2.GaussianBlur(gray_image, (21, 21), 0)
# For the first iteration checking the condition
# we will assign grayFrame to initalState if is none
if initialState is None:
initialState = gray_frame
continue
# Calculation of difference between static or initial and gray frame we created
differ_frame = cv2.absdiff(initialState, gray_frame)
# the change between static or initial background and current gray frame are highlighted
thresh_frame = cv2.threshold(differ_frame, 30, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY)[1]
thresh_frame = cv2.dilate(thresh_frame, None, iterations = 2)
# For the moving object in the frame finding the coutours
cont,_ = cv2.findContours(thresh_frame.copy(),
cv2.RETR_EXTERNAL, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
for cur in cont:
if cv2.contourArea(cur) < 10000:
continue
var_motion = 1
(cur_x, cur_y,cur_w, cur_h) = cv2.boundingRect(cur)
# To create a rectangle of green color around the moving object
cv2.rectangle(cur_frame, (cur_x, cur_y), (cur_x + cur_w, cur_y + cur_h), (0, 255, 0), 3)
# from the frame adding the motion status
motionTrackList.append(var_motion)
motionTrackList = motionTrackList[-2:]
# Adding the Start time of the motion
if motionTrackList[-1] == 1 and motionTrackList[-2] == 0:
motionTime.append(datetime.now())
# Adding the End time of the motion
if motionTrackList[-1] == 0 and motionTrackList[-2] == 1:
motionTime.append(datetime.now())
# In the gray scale displaying the captured image
cv2.imshow("The image captured in the Gray Frame is shown below: ", gray_frame)
# To display the difference between inital static frame and the current frame
cv2.imshow("Difference between the inital static frame and the current frame: ", differ_frame)
# To display on the frame screen the black and white images from the video
cv2.imshow("Threshold Frame created from the PC or Laptop Webcam is: ", thresh_frame)
# Through the colour frame displaying the contour of the object
cv2.imshow("From the PC or Laptop webcam, this is one example of the Colour Frame:", cur_frame)
# Creating a key to wait
wait_key = cv2.waitKey(1)
# With the help of the 'm' key ending the whole process of our system
if wait_key == ord('m'):
# adding the motion variable value to motiontime list when something is moving on the screen
if var_motion == 1:
motionTime.append(datetime.now())
break
# At last we are adding the time of motion or var_motion inside the data frame
for a in range(0, len(motionTime), 2):
dataFrame = dataFrame.append({"Initial" : time[a], "Final" : motionTime[a + 1]}, ignore_index = True)
# To record all the movements, creating a CSV file
dataFrame.to_csv("EachMovement.csv")
# Releasing the video
video.release()
# Now, Closing or destroying all the open windows with the help of openCV
cv2.destroyAllWindows()# How To Validate An Email Address In Python
# Using "re" package
import re
regex = '^[a-z0-9]+[._]?[a-z0-9]+[@]w+[.]w{2,3}$'
def check(email):
if(re.search(regex,email)):
print("Valid Email")
else:
print("Invalid Email")
if __name__ == '__main__' :
email = "rohit.gupta@mcnsolutions.net"
check(email)
email = "praveen@c-sharpcorner.com"
check(email)
email = "inform2atul@gmail.com"
check(email)# Python Calculator
from tkinter import *
root = Tk()
root.geometry("500x500")
root.resizable(0, 0)
root.title('Python Calculator')
expression = ""
input_text = StringVar()
# clear
def btn_clear():
global expression
expression = ""
input_text.set("")
# click
def btn_click(item):
global expression
expression = expression + str(item)
input_text.set(expression)
# calculate
def btn_equal():
global expression
result = str(eval(expression))
input_text.set(result)
expression = ""
# input frame
input_frame = Frame(root, width=312, height=50, bd=0,
highlightbackground="black", highlightcolor="black",
highlightthickness=2)
input_frame.pack(side=TOP)
# input field inside the frame
input_field = Entry(input_frame, font=('arial', 18, 'bold'),
textvariable=input_text, width=50, bg="#eee", bd=0, justify=RIGHT)
input_field.grid(row=0, column=0)
input_field.pack(ipady=10)
# button frame
btns_frame = Frame(root, width=312, height=272.5, bg="grey")
btns_frame.pack()
# first row
clear = Button(btns_frame, text="CLEAR", fg="black", width=32,
height=3, bd=0, bg="#eee", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_clear()).grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=3, padx=1, pady=1)
divide = Button(btns_frame, text="/", fg="black", width=10,
height=3, bd=0, bg="#eee", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_click("/")).grid(row=0, column=3, padx=1, pady=1)
# second row
seven = Button(btns_frame, text="7", fg="black", width=10,
height=3, bd=0, bg="#fff", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_click(7)).grid(row=1, column=0, padx=1, pady=1)
eight = Button(btns_frame, text="8", fg="black", width=10,
height=3, bd=0, bg="#fff", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_click(8)).grid(row=1, column=1, padx=1, pady=1)
nine = Button(btns_frame, text="9", fg="black", width=10, height=3, bd=0, bg="#fff", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_click(9)).grid(row=1, column=2, padx=1, pady=1)
multiply = Button(btns_frame, text="*", fg="black", width=10,
height=3, bd=0, bg="#eee", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_click("*")).grid(row=1, column=3, padx=1, pady=1)
# third row
four = Button(btns_frame, text="4", fg="black", width=10, height=3, bd=0, bg="#fff", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_click(4)).grid(row=2, column=0, padx=1, pady=1)
five = Button(btns_frame, text="5", fg="black", width=10, height=3, bd=0, bg="#fff", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_click(5)).grid(row=2, column=1, padx=1, pady=1)
six = Button(btns_frame, text="6", fg="black", width=10, height=3, bd=0, bg="#fff", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_click(6)).grid(row=2, column=2, padx=1, pady=1)
minus = Button(btns_frame, text="-", fg="black", width=10,
height=3, bd=0, bg="#eee", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_click("-")).grid(row=2, column=3, padx=1, pady=1)
# fourth row
one = Button(btns_frame, text="1", fg="black", width=10, height=3, bd=0, bg="#fff", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_click(1)).grid(row=3, column=0, padx=1, pady=1)
two = Button(btns_frame, text="2", fg="black", width=10, height=3, bd=0, bg="#fff", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_click(2)).grid(row=3, column=1, padx=1, pady=1)
three = Button(btns_frame, text="3", fg="black", width=10,
height=3, bd=0, bg="#fff", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_click(3)).grid(row=3, column=2, padx=1, pady=1)
plus = Button(btns_frame, text="+", fg="black", width=10, height=3, bd=0, bg="#eee", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_click("+")).grid(row=3, column=3, padx=1, pady=1)
# fourth row
zero = Button(btns_frame, text="0", fg="black", width=21, height=3, bd=0, bg="#fff", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_click(0)).grid(row=4, column=0, columnspan=2, padx=1, pady=1)
point = Button(btns_frame, text=".", fg="black", width=10,
height=3, bd=0, bg="#eee", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_click(".")).grid(row=4, column=2, padx=1, pady=1)
equals = Button(btns_frame, text="=", fg="black", width=10,
height=3, bd=0, bg="#eee", cursor="hand2", command=lambda:
btn_equal()).grid(row=4, column=3, padx=1, pady=1)
root.mainloop()# How to code a simple rock, paper, scissors game on Python
import random
your_input = input("Enter a choice (r = rock, p = paper, s = scissors): ")
user = ""
if your_input.lower() == "r":
user = "rock"
if your_input.lower() == "p":
user = "paper"
if your_input.lower() == "s":
user = "scissors"
possible = ["rock", "paper", "scissors"]
computer = random.choice(possible)
print(f"
You chose {user}, computer chose {computer}.
")
if user == computer:
print(f"Both players selected {user}. It's a tie!")
elif user == "rock":
if computer == "scissors":
print("Rock smashes scissors! You win!")
else:
print("Paper covers rock! You lose!")
elif user == "paper":
if computer == "rock":
print("Paper covers rock, You win!")
else:
print("Scissors cuts paper! You lose!")
elif user == "scissors":
if computer == "paper":
print("Scissors cuts paper! You win!")
else:
print("Rock smashes scissors! You lose!")
# How to Create Caesar Cipher Using Python
import string
import sys
# The word to be encoded shifts by 5 to the right, while the word to be decoded shifts by 5 to the left.
shift = 5
print(' Caesar Cipher '.center(40, '*'))
choices = ['e', 'd']
user_choice = input('Do you wish to [e]ncode, [d]ecode, or quit (any other letter)?: ').lower()
if user_choice not in choices:
print('Program closed.')
sys.exit()
word = input('Enter the word: ')
# ENCODING FUNCTION
def encode_words(words, shifts):
"""This encodes a word using Caesar cipher."""
# Variable for storing the encoded word.
encoded_word = ''
for i in words:
# Check for space and tab
if ord(i) == 32 or ord(i) == 9:
shifted_word = ord(i)
# Check for punctuations
elif i in string.punctuation:
shifted_word = ord(i)
# Check if the character is lowercase or uppercase
elif i.islower():
shifted_word = ord(i) + shifts
# Lowercase spans from 97 to 122 (decimal) on the ASCII table
# If the chars exceeds 122, we get the number it uses to exceed it and add to 96 (the character before a)
if shifted_word > 122:
shifted_word = (shifted_word - 122) + 96
else:
shifted_word = ord(i) + shifts
# Uppercase spans from 65 to 90 (decimal) on the ASCII table
# If the chars exceeds 90, we get the number it uses to exceed it and add to 64 (the character before A)
if shifted_word > 90:
shifted_word = (shifted_word - 90) + 64
encoded_word = encoded_word + chr(shifted_word)
print('Word:', word)
print('Encoded word:', encoded_word)
# DECODING FUNCTION
def decode_words(words, shifts):
"""This decodes a word using Caesar cipher"""
# Variable for storing the decoded word.
decoded_word = ''
for i in words:
# Check for space and tab
if ord(i) == 32 or ord(i) == 9:
shifted_word = ord(i)
# Check for punctuations
elif i in string.punctuation:
shifted_word = ord(i)
# Check if the character is lowercase or uppercase
elif i.islower():
shifted_word = ord(i) - shifts
# If the char is less 122, we get difference subtract from 123 (the character after z)
if shifted_word < 97:
shifted_word = (shifted_word - 97) + 123
else:
shifted_word = ord(i) - shifts
# If the char is less 65, we get difference and subtract from 91 (the character after Z)
if shifted_word < 65:
shifted_word = (shifted_word - 65) + 91
decoded_word = decoded_word + chr(shifted_word)
print('Word:', word)
print('Decoded word:', decoded_word)
def encode_decode(words, shifts, choice):
"""This checks if the users want to encode or decode, and calls the required function."""
if choice == 'e':
encode_words(words, shifts)
elif choice == 'd':
decode_words(words, shifts)
encode_decode(word, shift, user_choice)# How to Write a Python program to access a specific item in a singly linked list using index value.
class Node:
# Singly linked node
def __init__(self, data=None):
self.data = data
self.next = None
class singly_linked_list:
def __init__(self):
# Createe an empty list
self.tail = None
self.head = None
self.count = 0
def append_item(self, data):
#Append items on the list
node = Node(data)
if self.head:
self.head.next = node
self.head = node
else:
self.tail = node
self.head = node
self.count += 1
def __getitem__(self, index):
if index > self.count - 1:
return "Index out of range"
current_val = self.tail
for n in range(index):
current_val = current_val.next
return current_val.data
items = singly_linked_list()
items.append_item('PHP')
items.append_item('Python')
items.append_item('C#')
items.append_item('C++')
items.append_item('Java')
print("Search using index:")
print(items[0])
print(items[1])
print(items[4])
print(items[5])
print(items[10])
# Sample Output:
# Search using index:
# PHP
# Python
# Java
# Index out of range
# Index out of range# How to send emails with python using SMTP
# import SMTP library into your project using the command below
import smtplib
# Assuming you created two new Gmail and yahoo email accounts, create a connection to the Gmail email server by using the code below.
connection = smtplib.SMTP("smtp.gmail.com")
# Create variables to hold your email credentials
my_email = "sampleemail@gmail.com"
my_password = "passwaord"
# Secure your connection.
# It's important that you secure your connection to the Gmail mail servers.
# Securing your connection to the servers will prevent unauthorized access to your email in the event it's intercepted in transit.
# This is done by calling the tls function on your connection.
connection.starttls()
# The tls function is an inbuilt method that encrypts your email data sent via the connection established to email servers.
# The method is drawn from transport layer security protocol designed to provide communications security over a network.
#log in to your email account
# Run the code below to log in. The log-in method takes two parameters to facilitate a successful log-in: your email and password.
# Make sure there are no typos on the email and password held on the variables we created earlier.
connection.login(user=my_email, password=my_password)
# Sending the email.
# We are going to call the sendmail method on our connection. The method takes up 3 parameters :
# The sending address.
# The recipient's address. ( Avoid typos while typing it out to avoid errors.)
# The message with its subject and its body. Run the following command.
connection.sendmail(from_addr=my_email, to_addrs="receipient_email@yahoo.com", msg=" Subject: My_subject
My message body"
# Note: The subject and the body are separated using back slashes with an n to create new lines between them.
# Close the connction.
# Close the connection to the Gmail mail servers.
connection.close()This depends on the type of project...
But for this instance I will do a calculator:
import math
print("1.Addition")
print("2.Subtraction")
print("3.Multiplication")
print("4.Division")
print("5.Exponents")
print("6.Squareroot")
print()
user_choice = input('What choice?: ')
if '1' in user_choice:
first_digit = input('Enter first didgit: ')
second_digit = input('enter second digit: ')
#Setting addition
end_result_of_addition = float(first_digit) + float(second_digit)
#Addition
print(end_result_of_addition)
print()
print('done')
if '2' in user_choice:
first_digit = input('Enter first didgit: ')
second_digit = input('enter second digit: ')
#Setting subtraction
end_result_of_subtraction = float(first_digit) - float(second_digit)
#Subtraction
print(end_result_of_subtraction)
print('done')
if '3' in user_choice:
first_digit = input('Enter first didgit: ')
second_digit = input('enter second digit: ')
#Setting multiplaction
end_result_of_multiplication = float(first_digit) * float(second_digit)
#Multiplication
print(end_result_of_multiplication)
print()
print('done')
if '4' in user_choice:
first_digit = input('Enter first didgit: ')
second_digit = input('enter second digit: ')
#Setting division
end_result_of_division = float(first_digit) / float(second_digit)
#Division
print(end_result_of_division)
print()
print('done')
if '5' in user_choice:
base = input('enter base: ')
exponent = input('enter exponent: ')
print()
print(" ",exponent)
print(base,"^")
print()
print('solving')
print()
#Setting exponents
user_choice_of_exponent = float(base) ** int(exponent)
print(user_choice_of_exponent)
print()
if '6' in user_choice:
first_digit = input('what number?: ')
print()
print(math.sqrt(float(first_digit)))
print()
print('done')
print()# Python Snake Game
import pygame
import time
import random
pygame.init()
white = (255, 255, 255)
yellow = (255, 255, 102)
black = (0, 0, 0)
red = (213, 50, 80)
green = (0, 255, 0)
blue = (50, 153, 213)
dis_width = 600
dis_height = 400
dis = pygame.display.set_mode((dis_width, dis_height))
pygame.display.set_caption('Snake Game')
clock = pygame.time.Clock()
snake_block = 10
snake_speed = 10
font_style = pygame.font.SysFont("bahnschrift", 25)
score_font = pygame.font.SysFont("comicsansms", 35)
def Your_score(score):
value = score_font.render("Your Score: " + str(score), True, yellow)
dis.blit(value, [0, 0])
def our_snake(snake_block, snake_list):
for x in snake_list:
pygame.draw.rect(dis, black, [x[0], x[1], snake_block, snake_block])
def message(msg, color):
mesg = font_style.render(msg, True, color)
dis.blit(mesg, [dis_width / 6, dis_height / 3])
def gameLoop():
game_over = False
game_close = False
x1 = dis_width / 2
y1 = dis_height / 2
x1_change = 0
y1_change = 0
snake_List = []
Length_of_snake = 1
foodx = round(random.randrange(0, dis_width - snake_block) / 10.0) * 10.0
foody = round(random.randrange(0, dis_height - snake_block) / 10.0) * 10.0
while not game_over:
while game_close == True:
dis.fill(blue)
message("You Lost! Press C to Play Again or Q to Quit", red)
Your_score(Length_of_snake - 1)
pygame.display.update()
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_q:
game_over = True
game_close = False
if event.key == pygame.K_c:
gameLoop()
for event in pygame.event.get():
if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
game_over = True
if event.type == pygame.KEYDOWN:
if event.key == pygame.K_LEFT:
x1_change = -snake_block
y1_change = 0
elif event.key == pygame.K_RIGHT:
x1_change = snake_block
y1_change = 0
elif event.key == pygame.K_UP:
y1_change = -snake_block
x1_change = 0
elif event.key == pygame.K_DOWN:
y1_change = snake_block
x1_change = 0
if x1 >= dis_width or x1 < 0 or y1 >= dis_height or y1 < 0:
game_close = True
x1 += x1_change
y1 += y1_change
dis.fill(blue)
pygame.draw.rect(dis, green, [foodx, foody, snake_block, snake_block])
snake_Head = []
snake_Head.append(x1)
snake_Head.append(y1)
snake_List.append(snake_Head)
if len(snake_List) > Length_of_snake:
del snake_List[0]
for x in snake_List[:-1]:
if x == snake_Head:
game_close = True
our_snake(snake_block, snake_List)
Your_score(Length_of_snake - 1)
pygame.display.update()
if x1 == foodx and y1 == foody:
foodx = round(random.randrange(
0, dis_width - snake_block) / 10.0) * 10.0
foody = round(random.randrange(
0, dis_height - snake_block) / 10.0) * 10.0
Length_of_snake += 1
clock.tick(snake_speed)
pygame.quit()
quit()
gameLoop()print("This is a searcher in a sentence")
print("Here you input a sentence or a phrase and then you input a word or an alphabet ")
print("And i will search it in your inputted sentence")
print(" you have give a review on our program in the end")
print("This is very useful for smart people, they always give a smart review ")
x = input("enter a sentence or a phrase")
y = input("enter a word or alphabet you want to search")
l = -1
p = y[0]
g = 0
w = -1
b = 'start'
for i in x:
g += 1 #searched 1 letter in x or inputted phrase,
#means 1 letter in y has been searched in all letters in x
w+=1
for k in x:
l += 1
if l < len(x):
n = x[l]
if n == p:
if l + 1 == 1:
j = 'st '
elif l + 1 == 2:
j = 'nd '
elif l + 1 == 3:
j = 'rd '
else:
j = 'th '
print(n, "is", l + 1,j, end="")
print("letter in your given sentence", end="")
print()
if l + 2 > len(x):
l = -1
if g < len(y):
p = y[g]
else:
b='end'
break
if b == 'end':
break
print("-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------")
print("you have gotten what you wanted from us, now it's review time")
print("Thus we are a free, review matters for us ")
print("when you will be done with giving review, we will show you average of review we have gotten till today")
print("you have options: a)good, b)excellent, c)outstanding, d)not bad, e) very bad")
q = input('choose an option: a, b, c, d, e')
if q =='a':
print("we will hope to improve")
elif q == 'b':
print("a very very thanks")
elif q == 'c':
print("a very special thanks")
print("It's our pleasure to help you ")
elif q == 'd':
print("sorry for our mistakes")
elif q == 'e':
print("oh oh very very sorry, we will try to improve")
z = input("type yes if you want to write a review, type no for no")
if z == 'yes':
input("enter your review")
print("our average rating is...................")
print("b) excellent")
from tkinter import*
root = Tk()
root.title("project title")
root.geometry("500x500")
Label(root, text="label").place(x=20, y=20)
Button(root, text="button").place(x=30, y=20)# Python program to remove comments from a Python file
# reading the file
with open("oldfile.py") as fp:
contents=fp.readlines()
# initialize two counter to check mismatch between "(" and ")"
open_bracket_counter=0
close_bracket_counter=0
# whenever an element deleted from the list length of the list will be decreased
decreasing_counter=0
for number in range(len(contents)):
# checking if the line contains "#" or not
if "#" in contents[number-decreasing_counter]:
# delete the line if startswith "#"
if contents[number-decreasing_counter].startswith("#"):
contents.remove(contents[number-decreasing_counter])
decreasing_counter+=1
# delete the character after the "#"
else:
newline=""
for character in contents[number-decreasing_counter]:
if character=="(":
open_bracket_counter+=1
newline+=character
elif character==")":
close_bracket_counter+=1
newline+=character
elif character=="#" and open_bracket_counter==close_bracket_counter:
break
else:
newline+=character
contents.remove(contents[number-decreasing_counter])
contents.insert(number-decreasing_counter,newline)
# writing into a new file
with open("newfile.py","w") as fp:
fp.writelines(contents)